Citations Topic Guide
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MLA
Works Cited List
Books
Last Name, First Name, and First Name Last Name. Title of Book. Edition if needed, Publisher, Publication Date.
Example, one author:
Haenfler, Ross. Goths, Gamers, and Grrrls: Deviance and Youth Subculture. 3rd ed., Oxford UP, 2016.
Example, two authors:
Wallace, Harvey, and Cliff Roberson. Family Violence: Legal, Medical, and Social Perspectives. 7th ed., Routledge, 2014.
Journal articles from a library database
Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Title of Journal, Volume, Issue, Publication Date, Page Range (p. for 1 page, pp. for multiple). Title of Container, URL (without the https://).
Example:
McDermott, Jim. “My Inner Zombie: Living with ‘The Walking Dead.” America, vol. 213, no. 12, 26 Oct. 2015, p. 29. Academic OneFile, go.galegroup.com/ ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA436232268&v=2.1&u=cazc_main&it=r&p=AONE&sw=
w&asid=259323757322497d07e6671fa5267b47.
Article, chapter or section from an e-book
Author of section (if given). “Title of Chapter or Section.” Title of Book, edited by First Name Last Name, edition, volume, Publisher, Publication Date, Page Range, Title of Container (e.g. the database), URL (without the https://).
Example:
“Nurse Practitioners.” Career Information Center. Edited by Kristin B. Mallegg and Joseph Palmisano, 10th ed., vol. 8, Macmillan Reference USA, 2014, pp. 197-200. Gale Virtual Reference Library, go.galegroup.com/ps/ i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3723700373&v=2.1&u=cazc_main&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w&asid=229207236d131a34e1600c878f9eaf43
Article or page from a website
Author(s). “Title of Webpage.” Title of Container, Publication Date, URL. Date of Access (if applicable).
Example, with an author name and date accessed:
Wagner, Katie. “The Fix – Manuscript Conservation.” Smithsonian Libraries: Unbound, 21 Apr. 2016, blog.library.si.edu/2016/04/fix-manuscript-conservation/#.Vzzg8OSwS9Y. Accessed 8 Aug. 2016.
Entire e-book
Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Edition if needed, Publisher, Publication Date. Title of Container, URL (without the https://). Date of Access (if applicable).
Example:
Klein, Grady, and Yoram Bauman. The Cartoon Guide to Climate Change. Island P, 2014. EBook Collection (EBSCOhost), search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx? direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=778922&site=ehost-live.
One work from a collection (essays or poems from a book, songs from an album, etc.)
Last Name, First Name. “Title of Essay, Story, Poem or Song.” Title of Container (the book or album), edited by First Name Last Name, Publisher, Publication Date, pp or URL (for location).
Example, essay:
Kovac, Matthew. “Body Cameras Are Helpful But Insufficient for Stopping Police Brutality.” Police Brutality, edited by Michael Ruth, Greenhaven P, 2016, pp. 127-132.
Example, song:
Beyoncé. “Pretty Hurts.” Beyoncé, Parkwood Entertainment, 2013, www.beyonce.com/album /beyonce/?media_view=songs.
DVD
Title of Movie. Director’s Name. Performers Names. Production Company, Year of Release.
Example:
The Usual Suspects. Directed by Bryan Singer. Performances by Kevin Spacey, Gabriel Byrne, Chazz Palminteri, Stephen Baldwin, and Benicio Del Toro. Polygram, 1995.
YouTube or other online videos
Last Name, First Name. “Title of the Video.” Title of Container, uploaded by username, Date uploaded, URL.
Example, if the author is different than the uploader:
McGonigal, Jane. “Gaming and Productivity.” YouTube, uploaded by Big Think, 3 July 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=mkdzy9bWW3E.
Example, if the author is the same as the uploader
“8 Hot Dog Gadgets put to the Test.” YouTube, uploaded by Crazy Russian Hacker, 6 June 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=WBlpjSEtELs.
Streaming video: Netflix, Hulu, etc
Last Name, First Name of video creator or Username of Creator. “Title of Video.” Title of Container, Publication Date, URL.
Example:
Sethi, Ramit. “How to Write a Winning Resume, With Ramit Sethi.” YouTube, 23 June 2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0fjkKCsM1w.
Online image of a physical object
Last Name, First Name. Title of Art Work. Date created, current location of item, city. Title of Container, URL.
Example, online image of a painting:
Da Vinci, Leonardo. Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, Wife of Francesco del Giocondo, Known as the Mona Lisa. 1503-1506, The Louvre, Paris. Musee du Louvre. www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mona-lisa-portrait-lisa-gherardini-wife-francesco-del-giocondo
Image: digital-only picture
Last Name, First Name. Title of Art Work. Date created, Name of Container, URL.
Example:
Puuung. Snow Path. 2 Dec. 2016, Grafolio. www.grafolio.com/works/243875&from =cr_fd&folderNo=351
Image from a book
Artist Last Name, First Name. Title of Art Work. Date created, current location, city. Title of Container, by First Name Last Name, Publisher, Publication Date, Page Range.
Example*
Da Vinci, Leonardo. Mona Lisa. 1503-1506. Musee du Louvre, Paris. Art: A World History, by Elke Linda Buchholz et al. Abrams, 2007, pp. 148-149.
.
In-Text Citations
When referencing another work, include the author and page number, if applicable, in your in-text citation. If the author’s names is in the sentence, it does not need to go in parenthesis. Visit Purdue University OWL’s In-Text Citation page for more examples and in-depth help.
Examples:
Romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (Wordsworth 263).
Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).
Example, no known author: Use a shortened title of the work in quotations if it’s a short work (such as an article) or italicized if it’s a longer work (such as a book or entire website).
(“Impact of Global Warming”)
Example, two authors:
(Best and Marcus 9)
Example, three or more authors:
(Franck et al. 327)
Purdue OWL
Another great recourse for citations is Purdue OWL (Online Writing Lab). They are currently working on updating their website to include MLA 9th edition and we will add the link when it is completed.
APA
Reference List
Books
Author, A. A., Second, B. B., & Third, C. C. (Year of publication). Title of book: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher.
Example, single author:
Stoneman, R. (2008). Alexander the Great: A life in legend. Yale University Press.
Example, more than one author:
Eggins, S., & Slade, D. (1997). Analyzing casual conversation. Cassell.
Example, unknown author:
Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2003). Merriam-Webster.
Online Journal Article
Author, A. A. (Year of Publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), pages if known. DOI if available or URL for journal’s homepage
Example, with DOI (digital object identifier):
Kennedy, A. K., Winter, V. R., & Corbin, M. M. (2019). Physical education class and body image perception: Are they related? Physical Educator, 76(2), 467-484. https://doi.org/10.18666/tpe-2019-v76-i2-8766
Example, with journal homepage URL:
Purnell, M., Walsh, S., & Milone, M. (2004). Oncology nursing education: Teaching strategies that work. Nursing Education Perspectives, 25(6), 304-308. http://www.nlnjournal.org/
Article from a Magazine
Author, A. A. (Year of Publication, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Magazine, volume(issue number, if available), page range. DOI or URL if accessed online
Example:
Peterzell, J. (1990, April). Better late than never. Time, 135(17), 20–21.
Article from a Newspaper
Author, A. A. (Year of Publication, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper, page range. DOI or URL if accessed online
Example:
Schultz, S. (2005, December). Calls made to strengthen state energy policies. The Country Today, 1A, 2A.
Entry in Dictionary, Thesaurus, or Encyclopedia with a Group Author
Institution or organization name. (Year). Title of entry. In Title of reference work (edition, page numbers). Publisher.
Example:
Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. (1997). Goat. In Merriam Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed., pp. 499-500). Merriam-Webster, Incorporated.
Entry in Dictionary, Thesaurus, or Encyclopedia with an Individual Author
Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of entry. In F. M. Lastname (ed.), Title of reference work (edition, page numbers). Publisher.
Example
Tatum, S. R. (2009). Spirituality and religion in hip hop literature and culture. In T. L. Stanley, Encyclopedia of hip hop literature (pp. 250-252). Greenwood.
Work in an Anthology or Collection of Essays
Author(s), A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work. In E. E. Editor (Ed.), Title of anthology or collection: Capital letter also for subtitle (pp. page numbers). Location: Publisher.
Example:
Harb, M. (2008). Mandatory voting is an expression of civic duty. In T. Lansford (Ed.), Voting rights (pp. 85-92). Detroit, MI: Greenhaven Press.
Webpages
Author, A.A. (Year, Month Date). Title of Page. Site Name. URL
Example, with individual author:
Price, D. (2018, March 23). Laziness does not exist. Medium. https://humanparts.medium.com/laziness-does-not-exist-3af27e312d01
Example, with group/organization author:
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. (2019, November 21). Justice served: Case closed for over 40 dogfighting victims. https://www.aspca.org/news/justice-served-case-closed-over-40-dogfighting-victims
Example, no author:
Quantum mechanics. (2019, November 19). Wikipedia. Retrieved November 25, 2019, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics
*APA 7thedition no longer requires the use of “Retrieved from” before URLs or DOIs. However,
E-Books: Chapters from Library Databases
Author(s), A. A. (Year of Publication). Title of chapter or section. In E. E. Editor (Ed.), Title of the book: Capital letter for subtitle (edition number, volume, pp. pages).
Example:
Becker, J. E. (2013). Rachel Carson (1907-1964). In M. Cross (Ed), 100 people who changed 20th century America (Vol. 1, pp. 255-261).
Online Newspaper Article
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper. Retrieved from newspaper’s homepage URL
Example:
Levy, C. J. (2008, September 3). Ukraine government near collapse. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com
Online Government Document
Author, A. A. or Government Department Information. (Date of Publication). Title of Document. Retrieved from URL
Example, with department as author:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. (2003). Managing asthma: A guide for schools. Retrieved from http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/lung/asthma/asth_sch.pdf
DVD
Lastname, A. A. (Producer), & Lastname, B. B. (Director). (Year of publication). Movie title: Capital letter also for subtitle [DVD]. City, State or Country of origin: Studio.
Example:
Chaplin, C. (Producer & Director). (2010). Modern times [DVD]. Irvington, NY: Criterion Collection.
Streaming video: Netflix, Hulu, etc
Lastname, A. A. (Producer), & Lastname, B. B. (Director). (Year of publication). Title of video: Capital letter also for subtitle [Streaming video]. Retrieved from http://URL
Example:
Kapany, K. (Producer) & Schwartz, M. (Director). (2015). In defense of food [Streaming video]. Retrieved from http://www.netflix.com/title/80097071
YouTube video
Lastname, A. A. [Username] (year, month day posted). Title of video: Capital letter also for subtitle [Video file.] Retrieved from http://URL
Example:
Cuddy, A. (2012 Oct. 1) Your body language may shape who you are [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ks-_Mh1QhMc.
Online image of a physical object
Artist, A. A. (Year created). Full title of art work, only first letter capitalized [Medium]. Retrieved from http://URL
Example, online image of a painting:
Da Vinci, L. (1503-1506). Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, wife of Francesco del Giocondo, known as the Mona Lisa [Painting]. Retrieved from: http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mona-lisa-portrait-lisa-gherardini-wife-francesco-del-giocondo
Image: digital-only picture
Lastname, A. A. or Corporate Author. (Year, month day). Full title or the image caption up to 40 words [Medium]. Retrieved from http://URL
Example:
Puuung. (2016, Dec 2.) Snow path [Illustration]. Retrieved from http://www.grafolio.com/works/ 243875&from =cr_fd&folderNo=351
Image from a book
Author, A. A. & Second, B. B. (Year). Title of the book: Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher.
Example* (multiple authors)
Buchholz, E. L., Buhler, G., Hille, K., Kaeppele, S., & Stotland, I. (2007). Art: A world history. New York, NY: Abrams.
*Note: Cite the book itself, not the image. You can include page numbers in the in-text citation but it is optional. Example: (Smith, 2009,p. 347)
.
In-Text Citations
When referencing another work but not directly quoting the work, include only the author and year in your in-text citation. When directly quoting, include the author, year, and page number, using “p.” for one page and “pp.” for multiple pages. If the author’s names is in the sentence, it does not need to go in parenthesis. With a direct quote and the author’s name in the sentence, the date goes after the author’s name and the page number at the end of the quote. Visit Purdue University OWL’s In-Text Citation page for more in-depth help.
Examples:
APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998).
She stated, “Students often had difficulty using APA style” (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.
According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.
According to Jones (1998), “students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time” (p. 199).
Example, no known author:
(“Using Citations,” 2001)
Example, two authors:
(Wegener & Petty, 1994)
Example, three or more authors:
(Kernis et al., 1993)
Purdue OWL
Another great recourse for citations is Purdue OWL (Online Writing Lab). It is a very respected website that can provide guidance on many of the finer points of citing in APA 7th ed. style.
RefWorks
RefWorks is an easy to use citation manager that can help you…
- Access and manage research information online, from any browser.
- Import references from CAC Library databases and websites.
- Generate and format bibliographies in virtually any style (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.) in seconds.
RefWorks is offered free to all CAC students and you can set up your account any time you are ready. Simply follow the link below and create your account using your campus e-mail address. After you create your account, RefWorks offers an easy tutorial when you get started. If you have any questions, please don’t hesitate to contact a librarian or the Learning Center staff with any other questions you might have.
